The purpose of this paper is to describe the current landscape in improving teaching and learning and spark discussion and debate around potential areas for KIX investment. The paper is part of a series of discussion papers, drafted to support the engagement and consultation of developing country partners and technical experts in the initial design of the GPE Knowledge and Innovation Exchange. The ideas presented in the initial version of this paper served as a starting point for discussion and were modified significantly based on the consultation process, thereby resulting in this updated version.